Motherboard, a tech-art collective, held the first glitch art symposium in Oslo, Norway during January, to "bring together international artists, academics and other Glitch practitioners for a short space of time to share their work and ideas with the public and with each other." 2010 The explorations of JODI and other net.art members would later influence visual distortion practices like databending and datamoshing (see below). JODI's experiments on glitch art included purposely causing layout errors in their website in order to display underlying code and error messages. One such early movement was later dubbed " net.art", including early work by the art collective JODI, which was started by artists Joan Heemskerk and Dirk Paesmans. Shortly after, as VJs and other visual artist began to embrace the glitch as an aesthetic of the digital age, glitch art came to refer to a whole assembly of visual arts. The term glitch came to be associated with music in the mid 90s to describe a genre of experimental/noise/electronica (see glitch music). This video was made by manipulating the Bally video game console and recording the results on videotape. Early examples of glitches used in media art include Digital TV Dinner (1978) created by Jamie Fenton and Raul Zaritsky, with glitch audio done by Dick Ainsworth. As a technical word, a glitch is the unexpected result of a malfunction, especially occurring in software, video games, images, videos, audio, and other digital artefacts.
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